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ASP.NET Core中的Options选项模式_基础应用_
2023-05-24
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简介 ASP.NET Core中的Options选项模式_基础应用_
1.前言
选项（Options）模式是对配置（Configuration）的功能的延伸。在12章（ASP.NET Core中的配置二）Configuration中有介绍过该功能（绑定到实体类、绑定至对象图、将数组绑定至类）而选项模式又有个选项类（TOptions），该选项类作用是指：把选项类中的属性与配置来源中的键关联起来。举个例，假设json文件有个Option1键，选项类中也有个叫Option1的属性名，经过选项配置，这样就能把json中的键的值映射到选项类属性值中。也可以理解在项目应用中，把一个json文件序列化到.net类。
2.常规选项配置
选项类必须为包含公共无参数构造函数的非抽象类。在appsettings.json文件中添加option1、option2、subsection的配置：
{ "option1": "value1_from_json", "option2": -1, "subsection": { "suboption1": "subvalue1_from_json", "suboption2": 200 }, "Logging": { "LogLevel": { "Default": "Warning" } }, "AllowedHosts": "*" }新建MyOptions类(Models/MyOptions.cs)，以下类MyOptions具有三种属性：Option1和 Option2。设置默认值为可选，但以下示例中的类构造函数设置了Option1的默认值。Option2具有通过直接初始化属性设置的默认值：
public class MyOptions { public MyOptions() { // Set default value. Option1 = "value1_from_ctor"; } public string Option1 { get; set; } public int Option2 { get; set; } = 5; }而MyOptions类通过Configure添加到服务容器并绑定到配置：
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // Example #1: General configuration // Register the Configuration instance which MyOptions binds against. services.Configure(Configuration); } 也可以使用自定义ConfigurationBuilder从设置文件加载选项配置时，确认基路径设置正确，添加到服务容器并绑定到配置：
var configBuilder = new ConfigurationBuilder() .SetBasePath(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()) .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true); var config = configBuilder.Build(); services.Configure(config); 以下页面模型通过IOptionsMonitor
public class IndexModel { public IndexModel(IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessor) { _options = optionsAccessor.CurrentValue; } private readonly MyOptions _options; public void OnGet() { // Example #1: Simple options var option1 = _options.Option1; var option2 = _options.Option2; var simpleOptions = $"option1 = {option1}, option2 = {option2}"; } } 在Home/Index控制器Action下调用IndexModel.OnGet方法返回包含选项值的字符串：
public HomeController(IOptionsMonitoroptionsAccessor) { _optionsAccessor = optionsAccessor; } private readonly IOptionsMonitor _optionsAccessor; public IActionResult Index() { IndexModel indexModel = new IndexModel(_optionsAccessor); indexModel.OnGet(); return View(); }
3.通过委托配置简单选项
使用委托设置选项值。此示例应用程序使用新建MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig类 (Models/MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig.cs)：
public class MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig { public MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig() { // Set default value. Option1 = "value1_from_ctor"; } public string Option1 { get; set; } public int Option2 { get; set; } = 5; }向服务容器添加IConfigureOptions
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // Example #2: Options bound and configured by a delegate services.Configure(myOptions => { myOptions.Option1 = "value1_configured_by_delegate"; myOptions.Option2 = 500; }); } 以下页面模型通过IOptionsMonitor
public class IndexModel { private readonly MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig _optionsWithDelegateConfig; public IndexModel(IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig) { _optionsWithDelegateConfig = optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig.CurrentValue; } public void OnGet() { // Example #2: Options configured by delegate var delegate_config_option1 = _optionsWithDelegateConfig.Option1; var delegate_config_option2 = _optionsWithDelegateConfig.Option2; var simpleOptionsWithDelegateConfig = $"delegate_option1 = {delegate_config_option1}, " + $"delegate_option2 = {delegate_config_option2}"; } } 在Home/Index控制器Action下调用IndexModel.OnGet方法返回包含选项值的字符串：
public HomeController(IOptionsMonitoroptionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig) { _optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig = optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig; } private readonly IOptionsMonitor _optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig; public IActionResult Index() { IndexModel indexModel = new IndexModel(_optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig); indexModel.OnGet(); return View(); }
每次调用Configure都会将IConfigureOptions
4.子选项配置
将选项绑定到配置时，选项类型中的每个属性都将绑定到窗体property[:sub-property:]的配置键。例如，MyOptions.Option1属性将绑定到从appsettings.json中的option1属性读取的键Option1。在以下代码中，已向服务容器添加IConfigureOptions
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // Example #3: Suboptions // Bind options using a sub-section of the appsettings.json file. services.Configure(Configuration.GetSection("subsection")); } 新建MySubOptions类(Models/MySubOptions.cs)将属性SubOption1和SubOption2定义为保留选项值：
public class MySubOptions { public MySubOptions() { // Set default values. SubOption1 = "value1_from_ctor"; SubOption2 = 5; } public string SubOption1 { get; set; } public int SubOption2 { get; set; } }以下页面模型通过IOptionsMonitor
public class IndexModel { private readonly MySubOptions _subOptions; public IndexModel(IOptionsMonitor subOptionsAccessor) { _subOptions = subOptionsAccessor.CurrentValue; } public void OnGet() { // Example #3: Suboptions var subOption1 = _subOptions.SubOption1; var subOption2 = _subOptions.SubOption2; var subOptions = $"subOption1 = {subOption1}, subOption2 = {subOption2}"; } } 在Home/Index控制器Action下调用IndexModel.OnGet方法返回包含选项值的字符串：
public HomeController(IOptionsMonitorsubOptionsAccessor) { _subOptionsAccessor = subOptionsAccessor; } private readonly IOptionsMonitor _subOptionsAccessor; public IActionResult Index() { IndexModel indexModel = new IndexModel(_subOptionsAccessor); indexModel.OnGet(); return View(); }
5.通过IOptionsSnapshot重新加载配置数据
IOptionsSnapshot针对请求生命周期访问和缓存选项时，每个请求只能计算一次选项。以下示例演示如何在更改appsettings.json(Pages/Index.cshtml.cs)后创建新的 IOptionsSnapshot
public class IndexModel { private readonly MyOptions _snapshotOptions; public IndexModel(IOptionsSnapshot snapshotOptionsAccessor) { _snapshotOptions = snapshotOptionsAccessor.Value; } public void OnGet() { // Example #5: Snapshot options var snapshotOption1 = _snapshotOptions.Option1; var snapshotOption2 = _snapshotOptions.Option2; var snapshotOptions = $"snapshot option1 = {snapshotOption1}, " + $"snapshot option2 = {snapshotOption2}"; } } 下面显示从appsettings.json文件加载的初始option1和option2值：
snapshot option1 = value1_from_json, snapshot option2 = -1
将appsettings.json文件中的值更改为value1_from_json UPDATED和200。保存appsettings.json 文件。刷新浏览器，查看更新的选项值：
snapshot option1 = value1_from_json UPDATED, snapshot option2 = 200
6.包含IConfigureNamedOptions的命名选项支持
命名选项支持允许应用程序在命名选项配置之间进行区分。命名选项通过OptionsServiceCollectionExtensions.Configure进行声明，其调用扩展方法ConfigureNamedOptions
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // Example #6: Named options (named_options_1) // Register the ConfigurationBuilder instance which MyOptions binds against. // Specify that the options loaded from configuration are named // "named_options_1". services.Configure("named_options_1", Configuration); // Example #6: Named options (named_options_2) // Specify that the options loaded from the MyOptions class are named // "named_options_2". // Use a delegate to configure option values. services.Configure("named_options_2", myOptions => { myOptions.Option1 = "named_options_2_value1_from_action"; }); } 通过OnGet(Pages/Index.cshtml.cs)访问命名选项：
public class IndexModel { private readonly MyOptions _named_options_1; private readonly MyOptions _named_options_2; public IndexModel(IOptionsSnapshot namedOptionsAccessor) { _named_options_1 = namedOptionsAccessor.Get("named_options_1"); _named_options_2 = namedOptionsAccessor.Get("named_options_2"); } public void OnGet() { // Example #6: Named options var named_options_1 = $"named_options_1: option1 = {_named_options_1.Option1}, " + $"option2 = {_named_options_1.Option2}"; var named_options_2 = $"named_options_2: option1 = {_named_options_2.Option1}, " + $"option2 = {_named_options_2.Option2}"; var namedOptions = $"{named_options_1} {named_options_2}"; } } 在Home/Index控制器Action下调用IndexModel.OnGet方法返回包含选项值的字符串：
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